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    Orenburg ( Russian: Оренбург) is a city in Russia. It is the capital of Orenburg Oblast. As of 2010, the city has 548,331 people. Orenburg is known formerly Chkalov, a city and administrative centre of Orenburg Oblast, an oblast in Russia, on the Ural River at the Sakmara confluence.
    Orenburg Oblast ( Russian: Оренбургская область, romanized : Orenburgskaya oblast') is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast ), mainly located in Eastern Europe. Its administrative center is the city of Orenburg. From 1938 to 1957, it bore the name Chkalov Oblast ( Russian: Чка́ловская о́бласть) in honor of Valery Chkalov.
    The most important river of the oblast is the Ural and the largest lake Shalkar-Yega-Kara. Orenburg is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude. The highest point of the oblast is the 668 m (2,192 ft)-high Nakas.
    The town built on the Red Mountain was named Krasnogorsk. Thus, in 1743 Ivan Neplyuev founded Orenburg on thesite of present-day Orsk, about 250 kilometers west of the Urals. This third Orenburg served as an important military outpost on the border with the nomadic Kazakhs. It became the center of the Orenburg Cossacks.
    en.wikipedia.org