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    Processors from the P6 family onwards (including PentiumPro, Pentium II, III, 4 and Intel Core) have a collection of registers that allow configuration of OS-relevant things such as memory type-range, sysenter/sysexit, local APIC, etc. These MSRs are accessed using special instructions such as RDMSR (Read MSR), WRMSR (Write MSR), and RDTSC.
    Examples for rather well-known MSRs are the memory type range registers (MTRRs) and the address-range registers (ARRs). ^ "10.6.2 Test Registers". 80386 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE MANUAL (PDF).
    Use of the Linux msr kernel module creates a pseudo file "/dev/cpu/ x /msr" (with a unique x for each processor or processor core). A user with permissions to read and/or write to this file can use the file I/O API to access these registers. The msr-tools package provides a reference implementation.
    Same MSR might be shared by threads in the same core, cores in the same socket or among all sockets, such that if it's persistent then writing to its "address" on one core will make written value visible at other core even on other socket (if MSR is shared between sockets) - this is how "mailbox" MSRs work among cores.
  2. Model Specific Registers - OSDev Wiki

  3. RDMSR — Read From Model Specific Register - felixcloutier.com

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