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  1. Treaty of Kanghwa
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    On 26 February 1876, the Treaty of Kanghwa (150 CTS 323) between Meiji Japan and Chosŏn Korea was signed in Chinese and Japanese at Kanghwa Island, Korea. It was the first modern treaty for Korea and, for Japan, the first unequal treaty concluded with a non-Western state.
    The Treaty of Kanghwa, signed in 1876, defined Korea as an independent state on an equal footing with Japan. Japan sent an envoy, Mori Arinori, to China to report on recent Korean affairs. China insisted that, although Korea was independent, China could come to the support… Read More
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    The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 (also known as the Japan–Korea Treaty of Amity in Japan and the Treaty of Ganghwa Island in Korea) was made between representatives of the Empire of Japan and the Korean Kingdom of Joseon in 1876. Negotiations were concluded on February 26, 1876.
    Japan and Korea signed the 'Japan Korea Treaty of Amity' on 26 February 1876. Japan employed gunboat diplomacy to press Korea to sign this unequal treaty. The pact opened up Korea, as Commodore Matthew Perry's fleet of Black Ships had opened up Japan in 1853.
    The Treaty also granted the Japanese people many of the same rights in Korea that Westerners enjoyed in Japan, such as extraterritoriality . The chief treaty negotiators were Kuroda Kiyotaka, Director of the Hokkaidō Colonization Office, and Shin Heon, General/Minister of Joseon-dynasty Korea. The articles of the treaty were as follows:
    The treaty ended Korea's status as a protectorate of China, forced open three Korean ports to Japanese trade, granted extraterritorial rights to Japanese citizens, and was an unequal treaty signed under duress ( gunboat diplomacy) of the Ganghwa Island incident of 1875.
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    Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 - Wikipedia

    The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 (also known as the Japan–Korea Treaty of Amity in Japan and the Treaty of Ganghwa Island in Korea) was made between representatives of the Empire of Japan and the Korean Kingdom of Joseon in 1876. Negotiations were concluded on February 26, 1876. In Korea, … See more

    Ascendancy of the Daewongun
    In January 1864, King Cheoljong died without an heir, and Gojong ascended the throne at the age of 12. However, King Gojong was too young and the new king's father, Yi Ha-ŭng, … See more

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    Japan and Korea signed the 'Japan Korea Treaty of Amity' on 26 February 1876. Japan employed gunboat diplomacy to press Korea to sign this unequal treaty. The pact opened up … See more

    The following year (1877) saw a Japanese fleet led by Special Envoy Kuroda Kiyotaka coming over to Joseon, demanding an … See more

    • McDougall, Walter (1993). Let the Sea Make a Noise: Four Hundred Years of Cataclysm, Conquest, War and Folly in the North Pacific. New … See more

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    On the morning of September 20, 1875, the Japanese gunboat Un'yō began surveying the Western coast of Korea. The ship reached See more

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  4. Treaty of Kanghwa | Japan-Korea [1876] | Britannica

  5. Treaty of Ganghwa - New World Encyclopedia

  6. Korea under Japanese rule - Wikipedia

  7. Oxford Public International Law: From Kanghwa to Shimonoseki: …

  8. TREATY OF PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN THE EMPIRE OF …

  9. Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 - Wikiwand

  10. The Opening of Korea and the Kanghwa Treaty of 1876 | 14

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