It lies on the alluvial plain of the Ara River, just north of Tokyo, and is a major component of the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area. During the Edo (Tokugawa) period (1603–1867) it was a post town and marketplace, with few industries. The manufacture of metal castings grew rapidly during the early 20th century.
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Located at the southern tip of Saitama Prefecture, Kawaguchi city is adjacent to the Tokyo metropolis, with the Arakawa River running between the two cities.