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    Model-specific register - Wikipedia

    A model-specific register (MSR) is any of various control registers in the x86 system architecture used for debugging, program execution tracing, computer performance monitoring, and toggling certain CPU features.See more

    With the introduction of the 80386 processor, Intel began introducing "experimental" features that would not necessarily be present in future versions of the processor. The first of these were two "test registers" … See more

    Reading and writing to these registers is handled by the rdmsr and wrmsr instructions, respectively. As these are privileged instructions, … See more

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  2. Reading and Writing Model Specific Registers in Linux - Intel

  3. Model Specific Registers - OSDev Wiki

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    Processors from the P6 family onwards (including PentiumPro, Pentium II, III, 4 and Intel Core) have a collection of registers that allow configuration of OS-relevant things such as memory type-range, sysenter/sysexit, local APIC, etc. These MSRs are accessed using special instructions such as RDMSR (Read MSR), WRMSR (Write MSR), and RDTSC.
    •MSRs with an “MSR_” prefix are model specific with respect to address functionalities. The column “Model Availability” lists the model encoding value(s) within the Pentium 4 and Intel Xeon processor family at the specified register address. The model encoding valu e of a processor can be queried using CPUID.
    Examples for rather well-known MSRs are the memory type range registers (MTRRs) and the address-range registers (ARRs). ^ "10.6.2 Test Registers". 80386 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE MANUAL (PDF).
    Use of the Linux msr kernel module creates a pseudo file "/dev/cpu/ x /msr" (with a unique x for each processor or processor core). A user with permissions to read and/or write to this file can use the file I/O API to access these registers. The msr-tools package provides a reference implementation.
  5. CPUID Enumeration and Architectural MSRs - Intel

  6. rdmsr (Read MSR) - Windows drivers | Microsoft Learn

  7. RDMSR — Read From Model Specific Register - felixcloutier.com

  8. msr(4) - Linux manual page - man7.org

  9. rdmsr (MSR の読み取り) - Windows drivers | Microsoft Learn

  10. WRMSR — Write to Model Specific Register - felixcloutier.com